The Effect of Economic and Social Factors on Housing Poverty in Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Economics, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

Abstract

Housing is crucial in addressing poverty by providing shelter and is closely interconnected with various aspects of life. This issue is outlined in goals 11 and 1 of the Sustainable Development Goals as part of global planning. To accurately identify the problem, this study measured housing poverty and its economic and social determinants in Iran during the 1390s, based on the United Nations Human Settlements Program's definition. This was achieved using two combined indices: the percentage of households lacking affordable housing and those living in unsuitable housing. Four models were estimated using the generalized method of moments (GMM) and fully modified least squares to analyze the data.
The results indicate that Tehran and Alborz provinces have the highest percentage of households with housing costs exceeding 30% of their total household costs. On the other hand, Hormozgan Sistan and Baluchistan provinces have the highest rate of households facing multiple housing deprivations. Economic variables such as income, housing prices, and lagged dependent variables were found to directly impact the percentage of households lacking affordable housing and living in unsuitable housing. Social variables, however, did not show a significant effect on housing poverty in Iran. The fully modified most miniature squares model highlighted that housing prices and income are the most influential variables affecting housing poverty in Iranian provinces in the long term

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Al Betawi, Y. (2013). Housing & quality of life implications of the three qualities of housing in Amman, Jordan (Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University).‏
  2. Alova, G., & Burgess, G. (2017). Housing poverty in Ecuador: challenges to eradication. Survey review, 49(353), 117-133.‏
  3. Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The review of economic studies, 58(2), 277-297.‏
  4. Assembly, G. (2015). United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) regional report for Africa: transformational housing and sustainable urban development in Africa. In 2015 United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) regional report for Africa: transformational housing and sustainable urban development in Africa Search in.‏
  5. Athari, K. (2005). Housing poverty in Iran: Poor social policy. Social Welfare Quarterly, 5(18), 113-128.‏
  6. Baker, J. (2004). Analyzing urban poverty: a summary of methods and approaches (Vol. 3399). World Bank Publications.‏
  7. Bardi Anamradanjad, R. (2008). An intervention on urban poverty with an emphasis on housing poverty in the urban areas of the country's provinces. Quarterly Journal of Human Geography, 3(1),67-79 (in Persian).
  8. Ebbes, P. (2007). A non-technical guide to instrumental variables and regressor-error. Quantile, 2007 (2), 3, 20.‏
  9. Esna-Ashari, A., Farhanian, S. M. J .(2007). Sensitivity Analysis of Factors Affecting the Effective Demand for Housing in Iran. Qjerp, 15 (41 & 42), 5-35 (in Persian).
  10. Donald, J., & Winkler, D. (2002). The dynamics of metropolitan housing prices. Journal of Real Estate Research, 23(1-2), 29-46.‏
  11. Gilbert, A. (2007). The return of the slum: does language matter?. International Journal of urban and regional Research, 31(4), 697-713.‏
  12. Ha, S. K. (2004). Housing poverty and the role of urban governance in Korea. Environment and Urbanization, 16(1), 139-154.‏
  13. Habitat, U. N. (2003). Slums of the world: The face of urban poverty in the new millennium? Monitoring the millen nium development goal, target 11–worldwide slum dweller estimation. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-HABITAT.‏
  14. Hick, R., Pomati, M., & Stephens, M. (2022). Severe housing deprivation in the European Union: A joint analysis of measurement and theory. Social Indicators Research, 164(3), 1271-1295.‏
  15. Hussain, I., & Rashid, J. (2015). Determinants of the quality of housing in poor and non-poor households. Gomal University Journal of Research, 31(2), 87-98.‏
  16. Kaviani, Z. (2023). The state of poverty and the characteristics of the poor in the last decade (90s). The monthly expert reports of the Islamic Parliament Research Center, 31(3), 1-48 (in Persian).
  17. Kraff, N. J., Wurm, M., & Taubenböck, H. (2022). Housing forms of poverty in Europe-A categorization based on literature research and satellite imagery. Applied Geography, 149, 102820.‏
  18. Lall, S. V., Henderson, J. V., & Venables, A. J. (2017). Africa's cities: Opening doors to the world. World Bank Publications.‏
  19. Lozano Alcántara, A., & Vogel, C. (2023). Rising housing costs and income poverty among the elderly in Germany. Housing Studies, 38(7), 1220-1238.‏
  20. Martinez, A., & Perales, F. (2017). The dynamics of multidimensional poverty in contemporary Australia. Social Indicators Research, 130, 479-496.‏
  21. Nejati, S., Alavi, S. A., & Gha-ed Rahmati, S. (2018). Analysis of social poverty of urban housing (Case study: 17 Area of Tehran City). Journal of Urban Social Geography, 5(2), 87-106 (in Persian).
  22. Nikpour, A., Soleymani, M., & Mohammadyari, B. (2020). Spatial pattern of factors influencing the formation of poverty zones (Case Study: Khorramabad City). Urban Economics, 5(1), 113-126 (in Persian).
  23. Shahab, A .(2021). Housing poverty. The collection of multidimensional poverty reports, report No. 83, Office of Social Welfare, Ministry of Cooperatives Labour and Social Welfare (in Persian).
  24. Špirková, D., Stehlíková, B., & Zúbková, M. (2017). THE IMPACT OF THE HOUSING QUALITY ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STANDARD OF THE EU COUNTRIES. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 65(4).‏
  25. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. (1995). Human Settlement Interventions Addressing Crowding and Health Issues. UN-HABITAT.‏
  26. Un-Habitat. (2013). Financing urban shelter: global report on human settlements 2005. Routledge.‏
  27. UN-Habitat .(2015). Slum Almanac 2015-2016.
  28. UN-Habitat .(2016). Fundaments of Urbanization. Evidence Base for Policy Making. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
  29. Westaway, M. S. (2006). A longitudinal investigation of satisfaction with personal and environmental quality of life in an informal South African housing settlement, Doornkop, Soweto. Habitat International, 30(1), 175-189.‏
  30. World Bank. (1991). Urban policy and economic development: An agenda for the 1990s. The World Bank.‏
  31. Whitener, L. A. (2000). Housing poverty in rural areas greater for racial and ethnic minorities. Rural America/Rural Development Perspectives, 15(2221-2019-2433), 2-9.‏
  32. Yap, K. S. (2016). The enabling strategy and its discontent: Low-income housing policies and practices in Asia. Habitat International, 54, 166-172.‏
  33. Zaveh, F. (2019). Poverty and inequality in access to infrastructure: housing. Collection of reports on poverty, inequality and conflict of interests, Office of Social Welfare, Ministry of Cooperatives Labour and Social Welfare (in Persian).

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics