نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد اسلامی-دانشکده اقتصادومدیریت-دانشگاه تبریز-تبریز -ایران
2 نویسنده مسئول، استاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
3 استاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
4 دانشیار، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
This study investigates the nonlinear impact of money laundering on income inequality in a panel of selected Islamic countries, including Iran, Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Egypt, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, over the period 2012–2024. Due to the limited availability of direct and comparable money-laundering indicators, the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and the ratio of broad money to gross domestic product (M2/GDP) are employed as proxy measures of money laundering. In addition, inflation, per capita income, the square of per capita income, and economic openness are included as control variables.
To capture potential nonlinearities and regime-dependent effects, the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) approach is utilized with three alternative threshold variables: exchange rate, economic growth, and economic openness. This framework makes it possible to examine whether the impact of money-laundering proxies on income inequality changes across different economic conditions and development stages.
The findings reveal that the relationship between money laundering and income inequality is nonlinear and varies across economic regimes. Inflation consistently exerts a positive effect on income inequality, indicating that rising prices disproportionately burden lower-income groups. The estimated coefficients of per capita income and its squared term provide evidence consistent with the Kuznets hypothesis, suggesting a nonlinear relationship between economic development and income distribution. Furthermore, the effects of the two money-laundering proxies are not uniform across regimes. The results indicate that the influence of corruption and liquidity conditions on income inequality depends on the prevailing macroeconomic environment, with stronger effects observed in specific threshold regimes.
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کلیدواژهها [English]
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